(for ibidem, 'in the same place') to cite a work already cited in the immediately preceding note.

Notes should be single-spaced with one blank line between notes.

Indent the first line of the note five spaces, or the same number of spaces that you use to indent paragraphs. Notes are arranged in numerical order, either at the bottom of the page as footnotes or in a list at the end of your paper as endnotes. Use a new number each time you include a new quote or paraphrase, even if you use only one or two sources.

1Ĭite the source of the information in a corresponding numbered note that provides information about that source and relevant page numbers. For Notes-Bibliography Style citations, place a superscript number at the ends of sentences containing borrowed information (15.3.1)):Īccording to Fruchtman, Thomas Paine was hailed as a champion of individual liberties in England after the publication of Paine's pamphlet, Common Sense. This guide will cover the Notes-Bibliography Style.

the Author-Date Style (15.3.2, p.143) uses parenthetical, in-text citations.

the Notes-Bibliography Style (15.3.1, p.142) uses numbered notes to cite.

The Turabian manual describes two forms of citation: Kate Turabian, the dissertation secretary at the University of Chicago for over 30 years, created a guide for students and researchers, based on The Chicago Manual of Style. You do not need quotation marks if you paraphrase (restate the idea in your own words), but you still need to cite the source. Use quotation marks if you use the exact words of the original source.

You must cite the words or ideas of others that you use in your research paper in order to (1) give credit to the original source, (2) let your readers judge the accuracy and reliability of your facts, and (3) allow readers to follow your research.

Turabian endnote generator